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The nominal group technique (NGT) is a group process involving problem identification, solution generation, and decision making.〔Delbecq A. L. and VandeVen A. H, (1971). "A Group Process Model for Problem Identification and Program Planning," Journal Of Applied Behavioral Science VII (July/August, 1971), 466 -91.〕 It can be used in groups of many sizes, who want to make their decision quickly, as by a vote, but want everyone's opinions taken into account (as opposed to traditional voting, where only the largest group is considered).〔Dunnette M D., Campbell J. D, and Jaastad K., (1963). "The Effect of Group Participation on Brainstorming Effectiveness for Two Industrial Samples, Journal of Applied Psychology, XLVII (February), 30-37.〕 The method of tallying is the difference. First, every member of the group gives their view of the solution, with a short explanation. Then, duplicate solutions are eliminated from the list of all solutions, and the members proceed to rank the solutions, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on. Some facilitators will encourage the sharing and discussion of reasons for the choices made by each group member, thereby identifying common ground, and a plurality of ideas and approaches. This diversity often allows the creation of a hybrid idea (combining parts of two or more ideas), often found to be even better than those ideas being initially considered. In the basic method, the numbers each solution receives are totaled, and the solution with the highest (i.e. most favored) total ranking is selected as the final decision. There are variations on how this technique is used. For example, it can identify strengths versus areas in need of development, rather than be used as a decision-making voting alternative. Also, options do not always have to be ranked, but may be evaluated more subjectively. This technique was originally developed by Andre Delbecq and Andrew H. Van de Ven,〔〔Delbecq A. L., VandeVen A. H., and Gustafson D. H., (1975). "Group techniques for program planning : a guide to nominal group and Delphi processes", Glenview, Illinois: Scott Foresman and Company.〕 and has been applied to adult education program planning by Vedros,〔Vedros K. R., (1979). "The Nominal Group Technique is a Participatory, Planning Method In Adult Education", Ph.D. dissertation, Florida State University, Tallahassee.〕 and has also been employed as a useful technique in curriculum design and evaluation in educational institutions 〔O'Neil, M. J., & Jackson, L. (1983). Nominal Group Technique: A process for initiating curriculum development in higher education. Studies in Higher Education, 8, 129-138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03075078312331378994〕〔Chapple, M., & Murphy, R. (1996). The Nominal Group Technique: extending the evaluation of students‟ teaching and learning experiences. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 21(2), 147-160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0260293960210204〕〔Lomax, P., & McLeman, P. (1984). The uses and abuses of nominal group technique in polytechnic course evaluation. Studies in Higher Education, 9(2), 183-190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03075078412331378834〕〔Lloyd-Jones, Fowell, & Bligh. (1999). The use of the nominal group technique as an evaluative tool in medical undergraduate education. Medical Education, 33, 8-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2923.1999.00288.x〕 ==Effects== NGT have been shown to enhance one or more dimensions of effectiveness of decision-making groups. Requiring individuals to write down their ideas silently and independently prior to a group discussion increased the number of solutions generated by groups.〔〔 Round-robin polling also resulted in a larger number of inputs and fostered more equal participation.〔 The increased number of heterogeneous inputs led to high quality decisions.〔Gustafson, D.H., Shukla R.K., Delbecq A. L., and Walster G.W., (1973). "A comparative study of differences in subjective likelihood estimates made by individuals, interacting groups, Delphi groups, and nominal groups", Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 9, 2, April, 280–291.〕 As compared to interacting groups the NGT groups provide more unique ideas, more balanced participation between group members, increased feelings of accomplishment, and greater satisfaction with idea quality and group efficiency.〔VandeVen A. H and Delbecq A. L., (1974). "The Effectiveness of Nominal, Delphi, and Interacting Group Decision Making Processes", The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 17, No. 4 (Dec., 1974), pp. 605-621.〕 These findings are consistent with a 1958 study〔Taylor, D.W., Berry, P.C., and Block, C.H. (1958). "Does group participation when using brainstorming facilitate or inhibit creative thinking?" Administrative Sciences Quarterly, 1958, Vol. 3, pp. 23-47.〕 which found that, in response to three different problems requiring creative thinking, the number of ideas produced by "nominal groups" (whose members were actually working alone) was greater than the number of ideas produced by real, face-to-face groups. The ideas generated by the nominal and real groups were rated qualitatively and for originality, and the nominal groups scored better on both of those measures. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nominal group technique」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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